第二十三章 指尖如酒

    reflectivepaper

    ◆theoryxandtheoryy

    in1960，，，onthecontrary，

    ，

    inmyopinion，theschoolwhichadoptstheoryxmaybecomemoreandmorerigid，butitcanalsorunsmoothly，，，

    ，thenewteacherscanalsobeintimidated，orconfused，ascribingvariousfactors，suchasschoolmanagementsystem’sintegrity，andtheteacher’

    ◆mutualpurpose

    ，，(2004)

    ，theirpersonalinterestmayconflictwiththeorganization’，

    withaspecificandpracticalpurpose，inductioncanbemoreeffective，reallyservesforlearning，

    ◆classicalorganizationaltheory

    itisthecontraryoftaylor’，insteadoftheindividualworker，，，

    ◆organizationalculture

    thistermcangobackto193-s

    ◆basicassumptions

    basicassumptionsareaboutpeople’snature，thenatureofhumanrelationships，thenatureofhumanactivity，:freedom-determinism，rationality-irrationality，holism-elemetalism，constitutionalism-environmentalism，subjectivity-objectivity，proactivity-reactivity，homeostasis-heterostasis，andknowability-

    theprinciplecanusethetheoryofbasicassumptionstounderstandtheemployees，，theymayoptimisticandwillingtocontribute，，

    ◆intelligence

    in1904，’，，，thestudentswhoareespeciallygiftedwithhighiqmayfindtheregularcurriculumtooeasy，，-

    later，onthebasisofiq，’

    ◆humancapital

    ，becausehumanbeingsarechangeable，，usingsomespecificpsychologicalprinciplesconcerninghumanresources，canfacilitatetheprincipletotrain，motivate，

    employmentcanbedifficult，，butalsopromoteaschool’

    ◆learningorganization

    stayingcompetitiveintoday’，evenpredict，:anorganization，

    inalearningorganization，-of-artknowledge，，

    ◆contingencyview

    thecontingencyviewholdsthatthereisnoonebestwayofmanagingunderallconditions，-contingentfactorsthataffectaleader＇

    theleaders，whocanactuallyexertcontroloverthestaff，excellentlygettaskinvolved，eptedbythesubordinates，，maygivedifferentinductionstodifferentnewteachers，

    ◆likert’sfoursystems

    system1:exploitive-authoritative(orpunitive-authoritarian)，theleaderhasalowconcernforpeopleandusessuchmethodsasthreatsandotherfear-;system2:benevolent-authoritative(orpaternalistic-authoritarian)，theresponsibilityliesatthemanageriallevelsbutnotatthelowerlevelsoftheorganizationalhierarchy;system3:consultativesystem，thesuperiorhassubstantialbutnotcomplete，trustandconfidenceinhissubordinates;4:theparticipative(orgroupinteractive)modelofanorganizationalsystem，superiorshavecompleteconfidenceintheirsubordinates，

    lowerthenumber，，

    theleaderinexploitive-authoritativeconcernlittleforpeople，andpreferstousefear-，itcanalsostiflepeople’screativity，，essfulschools’leadersshouldpreferparticipativestyle，

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